The present review is (1) an introduction to the modern theory of functional representations
of rings in sheaves of rings;(2) a sequel to the author's previous review [39] on the algebraic …

0. Introduction and background. There are two different methods of associating a sheaf of
rings with a general noncommutative ring. The first of these, introduced by Pierce [8], has …

A survey is given of results on modules over rings, covering 1976–1980 and continuing the
series of surveys “Modules” in Itogi Nauki.