In the decade since the discovery that mouse B cells respond to certain unmethylated CpG
dinucleotides in bacterial DNA, a specific receptor for these'CpG motifs' has been identified …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) detect infections by highly conserved components of pathogens
that are either not present in our own cells or are normally sequestered in cellular …

Raised serum levels of interferon (IFN)-α have been observed in systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE) patients, and these levels are correlated with both disease activity and …

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have been used widely for in vivo gene
therapy. However, adaptive immune responses to AAV have posed a significant hurdle in …

Cervical cancer development is linked to the persistent infection by high-risk mucosal
human papillomaviruses (HPVs) types. The E6 and E7 major oncoproteins from this dsDNA …

RNA molecules such as single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA)
duplexes induce Toll-like receptor (TLR)–mediated immune stimulation after intracellular …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), part of the innate immune system that recognises molecular
signatures, are important in the recognition of pathogenic components. However, when …

Bacterial DNA contains immunostimulatory CpG motifs that trigger an innate immune
response capable of promoting host survival following infectious challenge. Yet CpG-driven …

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells of hematopoietic origin which are unique in their ability
to resorb bone. Osteoclasts are generated from myeloid progenitors through a progression …

Mortality from sepsis has remained high despite recent advances in supportive and targeted
therapies. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense bacterial products and stimulate pathogenic …