Osteoclasts, the bone-resorbing cells, play a pivotal role in skeletal development and adult
bone remodeling. They also participate in the pathogenesis of various bone disorders …

The receptor activator of nuclear factor‑κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK/osteoprotegerin (OPG)
system was identified in the late 1990s, ending the search for the specific factors expressed …

Since the discovery that deletion of the NF-κB subunits p50 and p52 causes osteopetrosis in
mice, there has been considerable interest in the role of NF-κB signaling in bone. NF-κB …

Bone, a calcified tissue composed of 60% inorganic component (hydroxyapatite), 10% water
and 30% organic component (proteins), has three functions: providing mechanical support …

Autosomal-Recessive Osteopetrosis (ARO) comprises a heterogeneous group of bone
diseases for which mutations in five genes are known as causative. Most ARO are classified …

RANKL plays a pivotal role in the differentiation, function and survival of osteoclasts, the
principal bone‐resorbing cells. RANKL exerts the effects by binding RANK, the receptor …

Bone remodeling involves bone resorption by osteoclasts and synthesis by osteoblasts and
is tightly regulated by the receptor activator of the NF-κB ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator …

Bone metabolism is regulated by hormonal or local factors in the bone microenvironment,
and recent studies have revealed that bone homeostasis is also influenced by immune …

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family has been one of the most intensively studied families
of proteins in the past two decades. The TNF family constitutes 19 members that mediate …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a common bacteria-derived product, has long been recognized
as a key factor implicated in periodontal bone loss. However, the precise cellular and …