Inflammation has been recognized as a major pathophysiological contributor to the entire
spectrum of human heart failure (HF), including HF with reduced ejection fraction, HF with …

The last several years have seen increasing interest in understanding cachexia, muscle
wasting, and physical frailty across the broad spectrum of patients with cardiovascular …

Background The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public
health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change …

Background Serelaxin is a recombinant form of human relaxin-2, a vasodilator hormone that
contributes to cardiovascular and renal adaptations during pregnancy. Previous studies …

Sarcopenia is primarily characterized by skeletal muscle disturbances such as loss of
muscle mass, quality, strength, and physical performance. It is commonly seen in elderly …

In the last years, major progress occurred in heart failure (HF) management. Quadruple
therapy is now mandatory for all the patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction. Whilst …

Hypertensive heart disease constitutes functional and structural dysfunction and
pathogenesis occurring primarily in the left ventricle, the left atrium and the coronary arteries …

Aim Different associations between epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and cardiac function
have been suggested in patients with heart failure with preserved (HFpEF) versus reduced …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM or T2D) is a devastating metabolic abnormality featured by
insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. T2D provokes unique metabolic …

Background Macrophage infiltration and polarization are integral to the progression of heart
failure and cardiac fibrosis after ischemia/reperfusion (IR). Interleukin 34 (IL-34) is an …