The contribution of FOXP3-expressing naturally occurring regulatory T (Treg) cells to
common polygenic autoimmune diseases remains ambiguous. Here, we characterized …

FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are a specialized population of CD4+ T cells that
restrict immune activation and are essential to prevent systemic autoimmunity. In the …

The inhibitory regulators, known as immune checkpoints, prevent overreaction of the
immune system, avoid normal tissue damage, and maintain immune homeostasis during the …

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent symptomatic primary
immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent infections, hypogammaglobulinemia and poor …

Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-
4, was the first approved “checkpoint”-blocking anticancer therapy. In mouse tumor models …

Inherently defective immunity typically results in either ineffective host defense, immune
regulation, or both. As a category of primary immunodeficiency diseases, those that impair …

Monoclonal antibodies targeting the regulatory immune “checkpoint” receptors CTLA-4, PD-
1, and PD-L1 are now standard therapy for diverse malignancies including melanoma, lung …

Immune checkpoint inhibition with monoclonal antibodies is becoming increasingly
commonplace in cancer medicine, having contributed to a widening of therapeutic options …

CD80 and CD86 are expressed on antigen presenting cells and are required to engage
their shared receptor, CD28, for the costimulation of CD4 T cells. It is unclear why two …

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an immune checkpoint molecule that is mainly
expressed on activated T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells that inhibits T-cell activation and …