The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway, which is well studied for its ability to
inhibit cell proliferation in early stages of tumorigenesis while promoting epithelial …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling regulates multiple physiological processes,
such as cell proliferation, differentiation, immune homeostasis, and wound healing. Besides …

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology affecting
the colon and rectum. Current therapeutics are focused on suppressing inflammation but are …

The PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cancer immune evasion, and the
use of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies represents a significant milestone in cancer …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is composed of three isoforms, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and
TGF-β3. TGF-β1 is a cytokine with multiple biological functions that has been studied …

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a form of radiation damage to normal lung tissue
caused by radiotherapy (RT) for thoracic cancers, which is most commonly comprised of …

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a special pattern of tumor cell death, enabling to elicit tumor‐
specific immune response via the release of damage‐associated molecular patterns and …

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as biological macromolecules have been remarked the large
and growing pipline of the pharmaceutical market and also the most promising tool in …

Schistosomiasis has been widely disseminated around the world, and poses a significant
threat to human health. Schistosoma eggs and soluble egg antigen (SEA) mediated …

Background The efficacy of anti‐programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) immunotherapy in
various cancers, including gastric cancer (GC), needs to be potentiated by more effective …