The discovery of insulin in 1921 revolutionized the treatment of diabetes and paved the way
for numerous studies on hormone signalling networks and actions in peripheral tissues and …

Extracellular neuritic plaques composed of amyloid‑β (Aβ) protein and intracellular
neurofibrillary tangles containing phosphorylated tau protein are the two hallmark proteins of …

Abstract Disruption of Akt and Erk-mediated signal transduction significantly contributes in
the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson's …

Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are the two most common forms of neurodegenerative
diseases. The exact etiology of these disorders is not well known; however, environmental …

Background Increased total tau (t-tau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a key characteristic of
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is considered to result from neurodegeneration. T-tau levels …

The mammalian family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) includes extracellular
signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), with each MAPK …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment, progressive
neurodegeneration and formation of amyloid-β (Aβ)-containing plaques and neurofibrillary …

The neurodegeneration that occurs in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is consistently
associated with a number of characteristic histopathological, molecular, and biochemical …

Signaling pathways are critical modulators of a variety of physiological and pathological
processes, and the abnormal activation of some signaling pathways can contribute to …

Interest in characterizing the role of impaired insulin actions in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and
vascular dementia is growing exponentially. This review details what is currently known …