In this review we propose that there are sex differences in how men and women enter onto
the path that can lead to addiction. Males are more likely than females to engage in risky …

Striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are central for the processing and reinforcement of
reward‐related behaviors that are negatively affected in states of altered dopamine …

The basal ganglia are known to control actions and modulate movements. Neuronal activity
in the two efferent pathways of the dorsal striatum is critical for appropriate behavioral …

The differences in size and function between primate and rodent brains, and the association
of disturbed excitatory/inhibitory balance with many neurodevelopmental disorders highlight …

Dopamine plays a key role in reward behavior, yet the association of drug dependence as a
chronic, relapsing disorder with the genes encoding the various dopaminergic receptor …

Substance use disorders continue to impose increasing medical, financial and emotional
burdens on society in the form of morbidity and overdose, family disintegration, loss of …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most common targets of the
neuropharmacological drugs in the central nervous system (CNS). GPCRs are activated by …

Abstract Approach and avoidance represent two fundamental behavioral traits that develop
early in life. Previous studies have examined the neural correlates of approach and …

Many drugs of abuse and most neuropharmacological agents regulate G protein-coupled
receptors (GPCRs) in the central nervous system (CNS) _ENREF_1. The striatum, in which …

The striatum is the input structure of the basal ganglia system. By integrating glutamatergic
signals from cortical and subcortical regions and dopaminergic signals from mesolimbic …