Background: Self-medication has become a common phenomenon. Economic factors are
important factors that affect the self-medication of residents. This study aimed to investigate …

Background: Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are an inequitable mechanism for health
financing as their high share of total health expenditures poses a risk of catastrophic …

Introduction Out-of-pocket medical expenses are a crucial source of health care financing in
a number of countries. With the ongoing population aging, health care costs are likely to …

Objective Out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditure (OOPPE) is a considerable burden for
middle-aged and elderly adults due to their high prevalence of diseases, insufficient income …

Understanding the determinants of out-of-pocket health expenditure (OOP) is important for
achieving and sustaining universal health coverage, as well as ensuring that no one is left …

Pharmaceuticals play an important role in health improvements. This study is the first of its
kind to examine the influences of household heads' sociodemographic characteristics and …

Objectives This study aimed to assess the financial burden of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments
to purchase antidiabetic medicines for type 2 patients in Iran. Method The “budget share” …

The population of older adults continues to grow in Iran, with pharmaceutical costs as a
leading driver of household health-related costs. The present study was conducted to …

This paper analyses the determinants of cross-regional variations in expenditure and
consumption for non-prescription drugs using the Italian Health Care Service as a case …

Studies of health care expenditure often exclude explanatory variables measuring wealth,
despite the intuitive importance and policy relevance. We use the Household, Income and …