Abstract The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway plays a crucial role in various
cellular processes and is aberrantly activated in cancers, contributing to the occurrence and …

The Ser and Thr kinase AKT, also known as protein kinase B (PKB), was discovered 25
years ago and has been the focus of tens of thousands of studies in diverse fields of biology …

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) are uniquely
required to balance the formation of new blood vessels with the maintenance and …

In this review we summarize the current understanding of signal transduction downstream of
vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and its receptor VEGFR 2, and the relationship …

Akt (also known as protein kinase B or PKB) comprises three closely related isoforms Akt1,
Akt2 and Akt3 (or PKBα/β/γ respectively). We have a very good understanding of the …

The blood–retinal barrier (BRB) consists of tightly interconnected capillary endothelial cells
covered with pericytes and glia, but the role of the pericytes in BRB regulation is not fully …

Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on
chromosome 10 (PTEN) signaling pathway play an important role in multiple cellular …

Insulin has important vascular actions to stimulate production of nitric oxide from
endothelium. This leads to capillary recruitment, vasodilation, increased blood flow, and …

Intercellular junctions mediate adhesion and communication between adjoining cells.
Although formed by different molecules, tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) …

Regulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS)
adequately balanced by antioxidant systems is a prerequisite for the participation of these …