The monovalent cation lithium partially exerts its effects by activating neurotrophic and
neuroprotective cellular cascades. Here, we discuss the effects of lithium on oxidative stress …

Abstract Bipolar disorder afflicts approximately 1–3% of both men and women, and is
coincident with major economic, societal, medical, and interpersonal consequences. Current …

Bipolar affective disorder is a common, severe, chronic, and often life-threatening illness,
associated with other medical and psychiatric conditions (ie, co-morbidity). The treatment of …

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) play an important role in
promoting axonal growth from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Adult DRG neurons …

Background: The mechanism of action of lithium remains to be determined satisfactorily.
Recent studies suggested a possible role in inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) …

Lithium remains a first-line approach for the treatment of acute mania and the prophylactic
management of manic-depressive illness, yet the underlying neurobiological mechanisms …

Bipolar disorder is a devastating disease with a lifetime incidence of about 1% in the general
population. Suicide is the cause of death in 10 to 15% of patients and in addition to suicide …

Over the past decade, the focus of research into the pathophysiology of mood disorders
(bipolar disorder and unipolar depression in particular) has shifted from an interest in the …

Understanding the biology of the pharmacological stabilization of mood will undoubtedly
serve to provide significant insight into the pathophysiology of manic-depressive illness …

The underlying pathophysiology of bipolar disorder is a continually evolving complexity of
multilayer interacting and independent systems. The dearth of adequate preclinical or …