Neuronal activity is dominated by synaptic inputs from excitatory or inhibitory neural circuits.
With the development of in vivo patch-clamp recording, especially in vivo voltage-clamp …

The inferior colliculus (IC) is a critical computational hub in the central auditory pathway.
From its position in the midbrain, the IC receives nearly all the ascending output from the …

Octopus cells are remarkable projection neurons of the mammalian cochlear nucleus, with
extremely fast membranes and wide-frequency tuning. They are considered prime examples …

Complex natural and environmental sounds, such as speech and music, convey information
along both spectral and temporal dimensions. The cortical representation of such stimuli …

Detecting the direction of frequency modulation (FM) is essential for vocal communication in
both animals and humans. Direction-selective firing of neurons in the primary auditory cortex …

GABAergic neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) play a critical role in auditory information
processing, yet their responses to sound are unknown. Here, we used optogenetic methods …

Learning to avoid dangerous signals while preserving normal responses to safe stimuli is
essential for everyday behavior and survival. Following identical experiences, subjects …

In the mammalian retina, direction-selectivity is thought to originate in the dendrites of
GABAergic/cholinergic starburst amacrine cells, where it is first observed. However, here we …

One of the central tasks of the mammalian auditory system is to represent information about
acoustic communicative signals, such as vocalizations. However, the neuronal computations …

Binaural integration in the central nucleus of inferior colliculus (ICC) plays a critical role in
sound localization. However, its arithmetic nature and underlying synaptic mechanisms …