ABSTRACT Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the first, rate-limiting step of
the so-called “kynurenine pathway”, which converts the essential amino acid L-tryptophan …

Abstract Context Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have reported durable responses in
selected groups of patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). However …

Background Atezolizumab, a humanised monoclonal antibody targeting PD-L1, is approved
for locally advanced/metastatic urothelial carcinoma. SAUL evaluated atezolizumab in a …

Gastric cancer (GC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are frequent and aggressive malignancies
worldwide. Despite the emergence of various therapeutic regimens, the prognosis of gastric …

Activation of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) on
T cells leads to T cell exhaustion and ultimately facilitates tumor progression. Recent …

Bladder cancer (BC) is a representative of urological cancer with a high recurrence and
metastasis potential. Currently, cisplatin-based chemotherapy and immune checkpoint …

Although advanced bladder cancer overall has a poor prognosis, a subset of patients
demonstrate durable response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Evidence shows that the …

Combination immunotherapy is a promising strategy to remove the inhibitory effect of the
tumor microenvironment on immune effector cells, improving the efficacy of immune …

Background Dual blockade of immune checkpoint and angiogenesis is an effective strategy
for multiple cancers. Camrelizumab is a monoclonal antibody against PD-1, and famitinib is …

There has been a significant progress in the treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma in
the last few years with the advent of immunotherapy after a long gap of no drug approvals for …