The immune system protects the host from pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi,
parasites). To deal with this array of threats, the immune system has evolved to include a …

The skin is the outermost layer of the body with an extensive surface area of approximately
1· 8 m2, and is the first line of defence against a multitude of external pathogens and …

Background Many nutrients have powerful immunomodulatory actions with the potential to
alter susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, progression to …

Vitamin D has been reported to influence physiological systems that extend far beyond its
established functions in calcium and bone homeostasis. Prominent amongst these are the …

The active metabolites of vitamin D3 (D3) and lumisterol (L3) exert a variety of antiaging and
photoprotective effects on the skin. These are achieved through immunomodulation and …

BaCkground and aim The spread of novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the disease COVID-19
that is caused by SARS-CoV-2, continues apace. Saving lives and slowing the worldwide …

Worldwide, there is an array of clinical trials under way to evaluate treatment options against
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome …

Maintaining a normal healthy immune defense system lowers the incidence and/or the
severity of symptoms and/or the duration of common cold (CC). Physical barriers and innate …

Rationale Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated as a pathogenic factor in sepsis and
intensive therapy unit mortality but has not been assessed as a risk factor for acute …

Vitamin D is known not only for its importance for bone health but also for its biologic
activities on many other organ systems. This is due to the presence of the vitamin D receptor …