Background Maternal smoking during pregnancy is linked to reduced birth weight but the
gestation at onset of this relationship is not certain. We present a systematic review of the …

Intrauterine growth restriction refers to the inability of the fetus to reach its genetically
determined potential size. Fetal growth restriction affects approximately 5–15% of all …

Background Maternal smoking during pregnancy is an established risk factor for low infant
birth weight, but evidence on critical exposure windows and timing of fetal growth restriction …

Background Prenatal perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) exposure has been associated with
reduced birth weight but maternal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) may attenuate this …

Objectives This cross-sectional study examined the nutritional factors associated with the
high levels of stunting in 2-to 5-y-old children in an impoverished South African setting …

Background: Maternal vitamin D status during fetal development may influence offspring
growth and risk of obesity; however, evidence in humans is limited. Objective: To investigate …

Background Maternal ambient air pollution exposure is associated with reduced birthweight.
Few studies have examined the effect on growth in utero and none have examined the effect …

Objective: Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is a major public health problem leading to
adverse health outcomes and neurodevelopmental abnormalities among offspring. Its …

Background The adverse effects of maternal and paternal smoking on child health have
been studied. However, few studies demonstrate the interaction effects of maternal/paternal …

Birth weight is an important indicator of maternal and fetal health and a predictor of health in
later life. However, the determinants of variance in birth weight are still poorly understood …