Birds and mammals are key elements of modern ecosystems, and many biologists explain
their great success by their endothermy, or warm-bloodedness. New palaeontological …

Mammals are diagnosed by more than 30 osteological characters (eg squamosal-dentary
jaw joint, three inner ear ossicles, etc.) that are readily preserved in the fossil record …

Endothermy underpins the ecological dominance of mammals and birds in diverse
environmental settings 1, 2. However, it is unclear when this crucial feature emerged during …

Prozostrodon brasiliensis and Therioherpeton cargnini are non‐mammaliaform cynodonts
that lived~ 233 million years ago (late Carnian, Late Triassic) in western Gondwana. They …

Mammals are arguably the most conspicuous tetrapods in the modern biota. Although there
are fewer extant mammal species (~ 5,500) than birds (~ 10,000) or squamates (~ 10,000) …

All modern mammals are descendants of the paraphyletic non-mammaliaform Synapsida,
colloquially referred to as the “mammal-like reptiles.” It has long been assumed that these …

Despite considerable advances in knowledge of the anatomy, ecology and evolution of early
mammals, far less is known about their physiology. Evidence is contradictory concerning the …

We suggest that mammalian endothermy was established amongst Middle Jurassic crown
mammals, through reviewing state‐of‐the‐art fossil and living mammal studies. This is …

Dinocephalians (Therapsida), some of the earliest amniotes to have evolved large body
size, include the carnivorous Anteosauria and mostly herbivorous Tapinocephalia. Whilst …

Vertebrate endocasts are widely used in the fields of paleoneurology and comparative
neuroanatomy. The validity of endocranial studies is dependent upon the extent to which an …