Various internal and external factors negatively affect the homeostatic equilibrium of
organisms at the molecular to the whole-body level, inducing the so-called state of stress …

In addition to the kidneys and lungs, the liver also plays an important role in the regulation of
the Acid-Base Equilibrium (ABE). The involvement of the liver in the regulation of ABE is …

Background Recent studies reported that serum anion gap could be regarded as a
prognostic biomarker for patients admitted to intensive care units. However, the association …

Background Hypoxic liver injury (HLI) is a frequent and life-threatening complication in
critically ill patients that occurs in up to ten percent of critically ill patients. However, there is a …

Background The lung, the kidney, and the liver are major regulators of acid-base balance.
Acidosis due to the dysfunction of one or more organs can increase mortality, especially in …

Objectives: Describe the evaluation of a patient with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.
Review the causes of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Summarize the treatment of …

Background Even though the serum anion gap (AG) is frequently measured in clinical
practice, there is not much research that has examined long‐term mortality in unselected …

Objective Studies have shown that low or high serum bicarbonate levels (reflecting
metabolic acidosis or alkalosis) are associated with increased all-cause mortality rates in …

Background Sodium bicarbonate (SB) infusion is commonly used to correct metabolic
acidosis, but its clinical efficacy remains controversial. This study aims to investigate whether …

Abstract Background and Aims Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a major public health
concern. We aimed to assess the definitions, etiological spectrum, organ failure (OF), and …