Background Natural or quasi experiments are appealing for public health research because
they enable the evaluation of events or interventions that are difficult or impossible to …

Much research shows academic self-concept and achievement are reciprocally related over
time, based on traditional longitudinal data cross-lag-panel models (CLPM) supporting a …

It is often claimed that only experiments can support strong causal inferences and therefore
they should be privileged in the behavioral sciences. We disagree. Overvaluing experiments …

This article compares different approaches for estimating cross-lagged effects with a cross-
lagged panel design under a causal inference perspective. We distinguish between models …

The random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) is an extension of the traditional
cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) that allows controlling for stable trait factors when …

This bestselling introductory book offers practical and straightforward guidance on the
basics of social research, ideal for anyone who needs to conduct small-scale research …

Many studies have investigated the impact of mobility restriction policies on the change of
intercity flows during the outbreak of COVID-19, whereas only a few have highlighted …

While mobility intervention policies implemented during the early stages of the COVID-19
outbreak had a significant impact on public transit use, few studies have investigated the …

Although there has been a growing interest in causal inference in geography studies, few
studies have incorporated spatiotemporal heterogeneities with causalities. This study …

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a training program for professional development
on early education teachers' knowledge and skills, work motivation, and self-efficacy. A one …