Upon receipt in the dorsal horn (DH) of the spinal cord, nociceptive (pain-signalling)
information from the viscera, skin and other organs is subject to extensive processing by a …

Opium, the dried juice of the seedpod of the opium poppy, has been used for the relief of
pain and suffering for several thousand years. Many opioid drugs are still derived from …

Opioid therapy for chronic pain has been popularized over the past few decades, and a
concern has arisen that the analgesic efficacy of opioids is not always maintained over …

The neurobiology of nicotine addiction is reviewed within the context of neurobiological and
behavioral theories postulated for other drugs of abuse. The roles of various …

In 1900, Sherringtongl, 92 was among the first modern neural scientists to define pain as the
psychical adjunct to an imperative protective reflex. This is a concise definition, and it …

This review focuses on the powerful pain facilitatory effects produced by the immune system.
Immune cells, activated in response to infection, inflammation, or trauma, release proteins …

Obesity represents nowadays one of the most devastating health threats. Published reports
even project a decline in life expectancy of US citizens due to the rapidly increasing …

INTRODUCTION It is well recognized that opioids are the analgesics of choice for the
treatment of moderate to severe pain. However, a large number of clinical studies have …

The endogenous opioid system is one of the most studied innate pain-relieving systems.
This system consists of widely scattered neurons that produce three opioids: β-endorphin …

It is well documented that stressful life experiences contribute to the etiology of human mood
disorders. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide found in high concentrations throughout …