Background Melatonin is an indole hormone secreted primarily by the pineal gland that
showing anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic capacity. It can play an important …

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone with potent immune-modulating properties. It has been
shown to stimulate innate immunity and induce immune tolerance. Extensive research …

Evidence supporting the extra-skeletal role of vitamin D in modulating immune responses is
centred on the effects of its final metabolite, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1, 25 (OH) 2D3, also …

The ubiquity of vitamin D metabolising enzymes and vitamin D receptors in mammalian
organisms suggests that vitamin D has pleiotropic effects. There are quite a few studies …

Despite acknowledgement in the scientific community of sex-based differences in cartilage
biology, the implications for study design remain unclear, with many studies continuing to …

Background Obesity is related to changes in adipokine secretion, activity of adipose tissue
macrophages, helper T cells, and regulatory T cells. It has been confirmed that vitamin D has …

Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone that is highly involved in bone health. Mounting
evidence revealed that, in addition to the regulation of mineral metabolism, vitamin D is …

Since the thyroid gland is one of the organs most affected by autoimmune processes, many
patients with thyroiditis of Hashimoto (TH) seek medical advice on lifestyle variance and …

Vitamin D deficiency is believed to affect between 35 and 55% of the world's population,
making it a hidden pandemic. In addition to its role in bone and calcium homeostasis …

Since its discovery, vitamin D was shown to have both immunostimulatory and
immunomodulatory effects on the immune system. A growing body of evidence so far linked …