The high transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants was generally ascribed to
immune escape. It remained unclear whether the emerging variants have gradually …

For decades, insight into fundamental principles of human biology and disease has been
obtained primarily by experiments in animal models. While this has allowed researchers to …

COVID-19 is a transmissible respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-
2, and has become a global health emergency. There is an urgent need for robust and …

Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who are critically ill develop vascular
complications characterized by thrombosis of small, medium, and large vessels. Dysfunction …

Background: SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, causes widespread damage
in the lungs in the setting of an overzealous immune response whose origin remains …

Virus propagation methods generally use transformed cell lines to grow viruses from clinical
specimens, which may force viruses to rapidly adapt to cell culture conditions, a process …

ABSTRACT SARS-CoV-2 can enter cells after its spike protein is cleaved by either type II
transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs), like TMPRSS2, or cathepsins. It is now widely …

The development of an in vitro cell model that can be used to study severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) research is expected. Here we conducted infection …

Organoids are three‐dimensional (3D) miniaturized versions of organs or tissues that are
derived from cells with stem potential and can self‐organize and differentiate into 3D cell …

Tremendous progress has been made in the field of toxicology leading to the advance of
developmental toxicity assessment. Conventional animal models and in vitro two …