Compulsion is a cardinal symptom of drug addiction (severe substance use disorder).
However, compulsion is observed in only a small proportion of individuals who repeatedly …

The conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm is a well-established model utilized to
study the role of context associations in reward-related behaviors, including both natural …

Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by (1)
compulsion to seek and take the drug,(2) loss of control in limiting intake, and (3) emergence …

Background Glucagon-like peptide1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have been found to reduce
alcohol drinking in rodents and overweight patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) …

Most physiology and behavior of mammalian organisms follow daily oscillations. These
rhythmic processes are governed by environmental cues (eg, fluctuations in light intensity …

In recent years, animal models in psychiatric research have been criticized for their limited
translational value to the clinical situation. Failures in clinical trials have thus often been …

The opioid system consists of three receptors, mu, delta, and kappa, which are activated by
endogenous opioid peptides processed from three protein precursors, proopiomelanocortin …

Methamphetamine (METH) use, and misuse are associated with severe socioeconomic
consequences. METH users develop tolerance, lose control over drug taking behaviors, and …

The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The
systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated …

Kratom (or Ketum) is a psychoactive plant preparation used in Southeast Asia. It is derived
from the plant Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Kratom as well as its main alkaloid, mitragynine …