Resistance to antibiotics is escalating and threatening humans and animals worldwide.
Different countries have legislated or promoted the ban of antibiotics as growth promoters in …

In order to inhibit pathogenic complications and to enhance animal and poultry growth,
antibiotics have been extensively used for many years. Antibiotics applications not only …

COVID-19 is an acute respiratory infection accompanied by pneumonia caused by severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has affected millions of …

The intestine barrier, the front line of normal body defense, relies on its structural integrity,
microbial composition and barrier immunity. The intestinal mucosal surface is continuously …

Respiratory virus infections are among the most prevalent diseases in humans and
contribute to morbidity and mortality in all age groups. Moreover, since they can evolve fast …

Synthetic biology is employed for the study and design of engineered microbes with new
and improved therapeutic functions. The main advantage of synthetic biology is the selective …

Over the past 20 years, a variety of potential adjuvants have been studied to enhance the
effect of oral vaccines in the intestinal mucosal immune system; however, no licensed …

Vaccination is defined as the stimulation and development of the adaptive immune system
by administering specific antigens. The efficacy of vaccines in inducing immunity is varied in …

With the alarming rise of infected cases and deaths, COVID-19 is a pandemic, affecting 220
countries worldwide. Until now, no specific treatment is available against SARS-CoV-2. The …

Emerging viruses are known to pose a threat to humans in the world. COVID‐19, a newly
emerging viral respiratory disease, can spread quickly from people to people via respiratory …