Estrogen receptors (ERs) regulate multiple complex physiological processes in humans.
Abnormal ER signaling may result in various disorders, including reproductive system …

Epidemiologic studies have previously suggested that premenopausal females have
reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) when compared to age-matched males …

Nearly all cardiovascular diseases show sexual dimorphisms in prevalence, presentation,
and outcomes. Until recently, most clinical trials were carried out in males, and many animal …

Cardiac fibrosis is associated with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, increasing its
morbidity and mortality. Cardiac fibroblast is the keystone of fibrogenesis, being activated by …

Abstract Purpose of Review Sex hormones drive development and function of reproductive
organs or the development of secondary sex characteristics but their effects on the …

Numerous epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies showed that cardiac function and
manifestation of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are different between males and females …

The recent discovery of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) presents new
challenges and opportunities for understanding the physiology, pathophysiology, and …

Although the rapid effects of steroids, such as estrogen and aldosterone, were postulated
originally to be nongenomic, it is now appreciated that activation of such signaling pathways …

One of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide is cardiac hypertrophy (CH),
which leads to heart failure. Sex differences in CH can be caused by sex hormones or their …

The G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) is a novel membrane-bound receptor
that mediates non-genomic actions of the primary female sex hormone 17β-estradiol …