Almost 60 years have passed since the initial discovery by Hubel and Wiesel that changes
in neuronal activity can elicit developmental rewiring of the central nervous system (CNS) …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is involved in the pathophysiology of many
neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased HPA axis activity can be observed during chronic …

BACKGROUND Increasingly, it is recognized that the microbes resident in the
gastrointestinal tract can influence brain physiology and behavior. Research has shown that …

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an acknowledged inflammatory cytokine with a pleiotropic action,
mediating innate and adaptive immunity and multiple physiological processes, including …

Microglia are ramified cells that exhibit highly motile processes, which continuously survey
the brain parenchyma and react to any insult to the CNS homeostasis. Although microglia …

Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe psychiatric disorder that has profound impact on an
individual's life and on society. Thus, developing more effective therapeutic interventions is …

S100B is a Ca2+binding protein mainly concentrated in astrocytes. Its levels in biological
fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, peripheral and cord blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid) are …

Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are severe psychiatric disorders which result
from complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. It is well-established that …

Abstract N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction plays a key role in
pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Since NMDAR hypofunction has also been reported in …

Abstract Treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS) refers to the significant proportion of
schizophrenia patients who continue to have symptoms and poor outcomes despite …