ERK1/2 MAP kinases are important regulators in cellular signaling, whose activity is
normally reversibly regulated by threonine-tyrosine phosphorylation. In contrast, we have …

Autophagy is a cell housekeeping mechanism that has recently received attention in relation
to its effects on the immune response. Genetic studies have identified candidate loci for …

Since the discovery of the role of ras oncogenes in tumorigenesis, we have witnessed an
explosion of research in the signal transduction area. In the quest to understand how Ras …

Introduction 3. Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK (MAPK) signaling pathway in melanoma 3.1. The Ras-Raf-
MEK-ERK (MAPK) signaling pathway 3.2. Activation of MAPK signaling pathway in …

To elucidate mechanisms underlying glutathione S-transferase p (GSTp)-mediated cellular
protection against oxidative stress-induced cell death, the effect of GSTp on stress signaling …

Rapid progress has been made recently in the definition of growth hormone (GH) receptor
signal transduction pathways. It is now apparent that many cytokines, including GH, share …

Mycotoxin, as one of the most common pollutants in foodstuffs, poses great threat to food
security and human health. Specifically, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) …

Carbon monoxide (CO), a reaction product of the cytoprotective gene heme oxygenase, has
been shown to be protective against organ injury in a variety of models. One potential …

Background. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced lipolysis may be important for insulin
resistance in both obesity and cachexia. In rodent cells TNF-α enhances lipolysis through …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) activates Ras/MAPK signaling in many cell types.
Because TGF-β and BMP-2 exert similar effects, we examined if this signaling is stimulated …