Caffeine is the most widely consumed behaviorally active substance in the world. Almost all
caffeine comes from dietary sources (beverages and food), most of it from coffee and tea …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) has shown to be a significant obstacle to brain medication
delivery. The BBB in a healthy brain is a diffusion barrier that prevents most substances from …

Extracellular purines (adenosine, ADP, and ATP) and pyrimidines (UDP and UTP) are
important signaling molecules that mediate diverse biological effects via cellsurface …

Four adenosine receptors have been cloned and characterized from several mammalian
species. The receptors are named adenosine A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. The A2A and A2B …

A. Cellular and Subcellular Localization B. Pharmacological Tools to Study Adenosine
Receptors C. Signaling Via Adenosine Receptors D. Regulation of Receptor Expression and …

Adenosine is released from metabolically active cells by facilitated diffusion, and is
generated extracellularly by degradation of released ATP. It is a potent biological mediator …

Recent epidemiological studies have established an association between the common
consumption of coffee or other caffeinated beverages and a reduced risk of developing …

Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive substance and has been considered
occasionally as a drug of abuse. The present paper reviews available data on caffeine …

Movement, the fundamental component of behavior and the principal extrinsic action of the
brain, is produced when skeletal muscles contract and relax in response to patterns of action …

Cardiomyocytes and vascular cells readily form, transport, and metabolize the endogenous
adenine nucleoside adenosine and act to regulate both interstitial and plasma adenosine …