PURPOSE Although abstinence is recommended in pregnancy, many pregnancies are
exposed to alcohol. Observational studies of the effects of low to moderate prenatal alcohol …

Background Maternal childhood maltreatment (MCM) is linked to poor perinatal outcomes
but the evidence base lacks cohesion. We explore the impact of MCM on four perinatal …

Background Prenatal exposure to metals may play an important role in fetal growth.
However, the epidemiologic evidence for certain metals is sparse, and most of the existing …

This is an evaluative review of the field of prenatal substance exposure, with a focus on
neurobiological and behavioral outcomes from infancy to young adulthood. We provide an …

Background Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) impacts cognition in childhood and early
adulthood. Here we evaluate the cognitive abilities of middle‐aged adults with and without a …

Background Cardinal and non‐cardinal dysmorphic features are associated with prenatal
alcohol exposure (PAE); however, their association with neurodevelopment is less clear …

Background Individuals exposed to gestational stressors such as alcohol exhibit a spectrum
of growth patterns, suggesting individualized responses to the stressors. We hypothesized …

Background Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is associated with major birth defects
and developmental disabilities. Questionnaires concerning alcohol consumption during …

Background Few studies have evaluated the differential benefits of breastfeeding on infant
neurodevelopment at varying levels of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). This study …

Accurate information on dose, frequency and timing of maternal alcohol consumption is
critically important when investigating fetal risks from prenatal alcohol exposure …