Transposable elements (TEs) or “jumping genes” historically have been disparaged as a
class of “junk DNA” in mammalian genomes (1, 2). The advent of whole genome DNA …

There is evidence that eukaryotic miRNAs (hereafter called host miRNAs) play a role in the
replication and propagation of viruses. Expression or targeting of host miRNAs can be …

Restriction factors (RFs) form important components of host defenses to retroviral infection.
The Fv1, Trim5α, and TrimCyp RFs contain N-terminal dimerization and C-terminal …

Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) proteins are a
diverse and evolutionarily conserved family of cytidine deaminases that provide a variety of …

Through the combined action of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes, conjugation of
ubiquitin to a target protein acts as a reversible post-translational modification functionally …

Retroviruses have evolved complex transcriptional enhancers and promoters that allow their
replication in a wide range of tissue and cell types. Embryonic stem (ES) cells, however …

Serine incorporator (SERINC) proteins 1–5 (SERINC1-5) are involved in the progression of
several diseases. SERINC2-4 are carrier proteins that incorporate the polar amino acid …

APOBEC3G belongs to a family of DNA cytosine deaminases that are involved in the
restriction of a broad number of retroviruses including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 …

Proteasomal degradation pathways play a central role in regulating a variety of protein
functions by controlling not only their turnover but also the physiological behavior of the cell …

SAMHD1 [sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartic domain (HD) containing protein 1] is the
most recent addition to a unique group of host restriction factors that limit retroviral …