Sulfur mustard (SM) is a strong alkylating agent, which produces subepidermal blisters,
erythema and inflammation after skin contact. Despite the well-described SM-induced gross …

Background: Military personnel are frequently exposed to environmental pollutants that can
cause a variety of diseases. Methods: This review analyzed publications regarding …

Pulmonary problems are among the most frequent chronic complications of sulfur mustard
(SM) intoxication and are often accompanied by deregulated production of pro-inflammatory …

Ever since it was first used in armed conflict, mustard gas (sulfur mustard, MG) has been
known to cause a wide range of acute and chronic injuries to exposure victims. The earliest …

Whilst the acute effects of sulfur mustard have been relatively well characterised, the chronic
effects of short term but significant exposures are still evolving. The approximately 30,000 …

The first edition of this book, Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels, was
published just prior to the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. Reflecting a greater …

Abstract Organophosphorous (OP) Nerve agents (NAs) are known as the deadliest chemical
warfare agents. They are divided into two classes of G and V agents. Most of them are liquid …

The inhalation of reactive gases and vapors can lead to severe damage of the airways and
lung, compromising the function of the respiratory system. Exposures to oxidizing …

Sulfur mustard is a member of the vesicant class of chemical warfare agents that causes
blistering to the skin and mucous membranes. There is no specific antidote, and treatment …

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a strong vesicant agent which has been used in several military
conflicts. Large stockpiles still exist to the present day. SM is believed to be a major threat to …