Antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1 rescue T
cells from exhausted status and revive immune response against cancer cells. Based on the …

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is a complex and dynamic process
regulated by various pro-and anti-angiogenic molecules, which plays a crucial role in tumor …

Transcriptional heterogeneity among malignant cells of a tumor has been studied in
individual cancer types and shown to be organized into cancer cell states; however, it …

Tumors are comprised of both cancer cells and surrounding stromal components. As an
essential part of the tumor microenvironment, the tumor stroma is highly dynamic …

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a novel cancer treatment, although recent
immunotherapy trials have produced suboptimal outcomes, with durable responses seen …

Several non-redundant features of the tumour microenvironment facilitate
immunosuppression and limit anticancer immune responses. These include physical …

Tumors are not only aggregates of malignant cells but also well-organized complex
ecosystems. The immunological components within tumors, termed the tumor immune …

Tumor angiogenesis is necessary for the continued survival and development of tumor cells,
and plays an important role in their growth, invasion, and metastasis. The tumor …

Hypoxia is an important feature of the tumor microenvironment, and is closely associated
with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metabolism and the tumor immune response. All these …

Abstract The Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect has been recognized as the
central paradigm in tumor-targeted delivery in the last decades. In the wake of this concept …