Introduction We present international consensus recommendations for improving diagnosis,
management and treatment access in multiple sclerosis (MS). Our vision is that these will be …

The association between smoke habit and autoimmunity has been hypothesized a long time
ago. Smoke has been found to play a pathogenic role in certain autoimmune disease as it …

Importance Cigarette smoking is a common environmental exposure and addiction, which
has severe health consequences. Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS); also …

Comorbid conditions commonly affect people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Population-based
studies indicate that people with MS have an increased incidence of ischemic heart disease …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system
which is associated with numerous comorbidities. These include cardiovascular disease …

Background Recent data on the rates of infections among patients with multiple sclerosis
(MS) are sparse. The objective of this study was to quantify incidence of infections in patients …

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have an increased risk of infections, but few
population-based studies have reported infections occurring in MS in the years immediately …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorder of the central
nervous system, for which disease modifying therapies (DMTs) are the mainstay treatment …

Influenza virus infections cause a wide variety of outcomes, from mild disease to 3 to 5
million cases of severe illness and∼ 290,000 to 645,000 deaths annually worldwide. The …

Background Multiple sclerosis is a leading cause of non-traumatic neurological disability
among young adults worldwide. Prior studies have identified modifiable risk factors for …