There are more than 30 distinct types of mammalian retinal ganglion cells, each sensitive to
different features of the visual environment. In rabbit retina, they can be grouped into four …

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal X-linked muscular disease caused by
defective expression of the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin (Dp427). Selected autonomic and …

In the developing mouse retina, spontaneous and light-driven activity shapes bipolar→
ganglion cell glutamatergic synapse formation, beginning around the time of eye-opening …

Startle disease is an inherited neurological disorder that causes affected individuals to suffer
noise-or touch-induced non-epileptic seizures, excessive muscle stiffness and neonatal …

Purpose The Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) gene is required for normal
dendrite arborization and lamination in the mouse retina. In this study, we characterized the …

Single neurons in the brain exhibit astounding computational capabilities, which gradually
emerge throughout development and enable them to become integrated into complex …

Retinal ganglion cells receive excitatory synapses from bipolar cells and inhibitory synapses
from amacrine cells. Previous studies in primate suggest that the strength of inhibitory …

Excitatory glutamatergic inputs from bipolar cells affect the physiological properties of
ganglion cells in the mammalian retina. The spatial distribution of these excitatory synapses …

Labeling fixed brain tissue with fluorescent synaptic and cellular markers can help assess
circuit connectivity. Despite the diffraction-limited resolution of light microscopy there are …

Neuroligins (NLs) are postsynaptic membrane proteins expressed in the brain and mediate
synaptogenesis. Neuroligin family proteins can specifically induce either excitatory or …