Background HIV proteins Nef and Vpu down-modulate various host factors to evade immune
defenses. Indeed, the CD4 receptor is down-regulated by Nef and Vpu, whereas virion …

Viruses often interfere with the DNA damage response to better replicate in their hosts. The
human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) viral protein R (Vpr) protein has been reported to …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2)/simian immunodeficiency virus SIVSM Vpx is
incorporated into virion particles and is thus present during the early steps of infection, when …

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) ensures regulation of the protein pool in the cell by
ubiquitination of proteins followed by their degradation by the proteasome. It plays a central …

Through the combined action of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes, conjugation of
ubiquitin to a target protein acts as a reversible post-translational modification functionally …

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)
genomes encode several auxiliary proteins that have increasingly shown their importance in …

CEP78 is a centrosomal protein implicated in ciliogenesis and ciliary length control, and
mutations in the CEP78 gene cause retinal cone-rod dystrophy associated with hearing loss …

Since the first isolation of HIV-1 from a patient with generalized lymphadenopathy in 1983,
great progress has been made in understanding the viral life cycle and the functional …

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr protein is an attractive target for
antiretroviral drug development. The conservation both of the structure along virus evolution …

Abstract Despite effective antiretroviral therapies, 20–30% of persons with treated HIV
infection develop a neurodegenerative syndrome termed HIV-associated neurocognitive …