Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are a major cell type present at all stages of an
atherosclerotic plaque. According to the 'response to injury'and 'vulnerable …

Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells, termed efferocytosis, critically regulates normal
homeostasis whereas defective uptake of apoptotic cells results in chronic and non …

The presence of macrophages within the plaque is a defining hallmark of atherosclerosis.
Macrophages are exposed to various microenvironments such as oxidized lipids and …

The necrotic core has long been a hallmark of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque.
Although apoptotic cells are cleared quickly in almost all other tissue beds, their removal …

Background: The glycolytic enzyme PKM2 (pyruvate kinase muscle 2) is upregulated in
monocytes/macrophages of patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. However …

Immune responses participate in every phase of atherosclerosis. There is increasing
evidence that both adaptive and innate immunity tightly regulate atherogenesis. Although …

intracellularly, making it ideally suited to modify signaling pathways and gene expression.
The activity of the NAD (P) H oxidases can be modulated by vasoactive hormones and the …

Glycerophospholipids represent a common class of lipids critically important for integrity of
cellular membranes. Oxidation of esterified unsaturated fatty acids dramatically changes …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of
oxidized lipoproteins and apoptotic cells. Adaptive immune responses to various oxidation …

Macrophage apoptosis occurs throughout all stages of atherosclerosis, yet new findings in
vivo suggest that the consequences of this event may be very different in early versus late …