Our previous International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology report on the
nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors (2011) contained a number of …

The development of cutting-edge techniques to study specific brain regions and neural
circuits that regulate sleep–wake brain states and general anesthesia (GA), has increased …

Insomnia is the second most prevalent mental disorder, with no sufficient treatment
available. Despite substantial heritability, insight into the associated genes and …

Nucleus accumbens (NAc) is involved in behaviors that depend on heightened wakefulness,
but its impact on arousal remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that NAc dopamine D1 …

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) affects 10–20% of the population and is associated
with substantial functional deficits. Here, we identify 42 loci for self-reported daytime …

Dr. Sudhansu Chokroverty—a world-recognized expert in sleep medicine—presents the
third edition of Sleep Disorders Medicine for the latest developments in this rapidly …

The mesolimbic dopamine pathway between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the
nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a central role in motivational behaviors. Recent findings …

The ventral pallidum (VP) regulates motivation, drug addiction, and several behaviors that
rely on heightened arousal. However, the role and underlying neural circuits of the VP in the …

Narcolepsy-cataplexy is a debilitating disorder of sleep/wakefulness caused by a loss of
orexin-producing neurons in the lateroposterior hypothalamus. Genetic or pharmacologic …

Flickering light stimulation has emerged as a promising non-invasive neuromodulation
strategy to alleviate neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the lack of a neurochemical …