The functions, purposes, and roles of metallothioneins have been the subject of
speculations since the discovery of the protein over 60 years ago. This article guides …

Zinc metabolism at the cellular level is critical for many biological processes in the body. A
key observation is the disruption of cellular homeostasis, often coinciding with disease …

The human eye, the highly specialized organ of vision, is greatly influenced by oxidants of
endogenous and exogenous origin. Oxidative stress affects all structures of the human eye …

Mutations leading to colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor (CSF‐1R) loss‐of‐function or
haploinsufficiency cause CSF1R‐related leukoencephalopathy (CRL), an adult‐onset …

Metallothioneins (MTs) are a ubiquitous class of small metal-binding proteins involved in
metal homeostasis and detoxification. While known for their high affinity for d10 metal ions …

Treatment of drug-resistant forms of cancer requires consideration of their hallmark features,
such as abnormal cell death mechanisms or mutations in drug-responding molecular …

Copper (Cu) homeostasis is essential for the development and function of many organisms.
In humans, Cu misbalance causes serious pathologies and has been observed in a growing …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor symptoms based on a loss of
nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and by non-motor symptoms which precede motor …

Stroke is a major cause of death worldwide, leading to serious disability. Post-ischemic
injury, especially in the cerebral ischemia-prone hippocampus, is a serious problem, as it …

Trace elements such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) are
absorbed from food via the gastrointestinal tract, transported into the brain, and play central …