Abstract Background Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibition is associated with
antiinflammatory and antifibrotic effects that may be beneficial in patients with idiopathic …

Patients with interstitial lung disease can develop a progressive fibrosing phenotype
characterised by an irreversible, progressive decline in lung function despite treatment …

Over almost 140 years since their identification, the knowledge about macrophages has
unbelievably evolved. The'big eaters' from being thought of as simple phagocytic cells have …

Objective. Vitronectin (VTN) has been reported to trigger cell pyroptosis to aggravate
inflammation in our previous study. However, the function of VTN in inflammatory bowel …

Macrophages act as immune scavengers and are important cell types in the homeostasis of
various tissues. Given the multiple roles of macrophages, these cells can also be found as …

Cigarette smoking-related lung injury is one of the most common and fatal etiologies of
many respiratory diseases, for which no effective interventions are available. Astragaloside …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease, and its incidence rate is
rapidly rising. However, effective therapies for the treatment of IPF are still lacking …

Introduction There is an unmet need for new treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
(IPF). The oral preferential phosphodiesterase 4B inhibitor, BI 1015550, prevented a decline …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease (ILD)
without an identifiable cause. If not treated after diagnosis, the average life expectancy is 3 …

Inflammation is the response of the body's immune system to harmful stimuli. The expression
of phosphodiesterase 4 enzyme (PDE4) was demonstrated in many inflammatory cells …