Background: Exoscopes are a safe and effective alternative or adjunct to the existing
binocular surgical microscope for brain tumor, skull base surgery, aneurysm clipping and …

Recently, the emergence of the three-dimensional (3D) exoscope has proven to be a viable
alternative to the operative microscope (OM) as a novel workhorse of microneurosurgical …

Background The use of a digital three-dimensional (3D) exoscope system in neurosurgery is
increasing as an alternative to the operative microscope. The objective of this study was to …

Background Limitations in the operative microscope (OM)'s mobility and suboptimal
ergonomics created the opportunity for the development of the exoscope. This systematic …

Objective To evaluate the outcomes of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy secondary to bony
foraminal stenosis treated with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) combined …

Purpose To analyze the advantages and disadvantages of a threedimensional (3D)
operating exoscope (OE) in head and neck free flap reconstruction. Methods Twentyseven …

The operative microscope (OM) was first introduced in the early 20th century, although it
only became popularized for use in neurosurgery in the 1960s. 1 Pioneering neurosurgeons …

Purpose Digital 3D exoscopes have been recently introduced as an alternative to a surgical
microscope in microneurosurgery. We designed a laboratory training program to facilitate …

The purpose of this study was to compare the three-dimensional (3D) operating exoscope
(OE) with the conventional operating microscope (OM) in head and neck reconstruction. A …

Background: In recent years, three-dimensional exoscopes have been increasingly applied
in neurosurgery. Multiple exoscopic systems are available, all offering specific features. In …