Optogenetic is a technique that combines optics and genetics to control specific neurons.
This technique usually uses adenoviruses that encode photosensitive protein. The …

Deep brain stimulation is a neuromodulatory treatment for managing the symptoms of
Parkinson's disease and other neurological and psychiatric disorders. Electrodes are …

Symptoms of neurological diseases emerge through the dysfunction of neural circuits whose
diffuse and intertwined architectures pose serious challenges for delivering therapies. Deep …

The biophysical properties of existing optogenetic tools constrain the scale, speed, and
fidelity of precise optogenetic control. Here, we use structure-guided mutagenesis to …

Optogenetic stimulation of Adora2a receptor-expressing spiny projection neurons (A2A-
SPNs) in the striatum drives locomotor suppression and transient punishment, results …

Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) relieves many motor symptoms of
Parkinson's disease (PD), but its underlying therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. Since …

The parafascicular nucleus (Pf) of the thalamus provides major projections to the basal
ganglia, a set of subcortical nuclei involved in action initiation. Here, we show that Pf …

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) controls basal ganglia outputs via the substantia nigra pars
reticulata (SNr) and the globus pallidus internus (GPi). However, the synaptic properties of …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, whose main
neuropathological finding is pars compacta degeneration due to the accumulation of Lewy …

Animals must adapt sensory responses to an ever-changing environment for survival. Such
sensory modulation is especially critical in a threatening situation, in which animals often …