Low-grade inflammation is the hallmark of metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2
diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Emerging evidence indicates that these …

The intestinal microbiome is a signalling hub that integrates environmental inputs, such as
diet, with genetic and immune signals to affect the host's metabolism, immunity and …

In the mucosa, the immune system's T cells and B cells have position-specific phenotypes
and functions that are influenced by the microbiota. These cells play pivotal parts in the …

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamilies (TNFSF/TNFRSF)
include 19 ligands and 29 receptors that play important roles in the modulation of cellular …

Research over the last 7 years has led to the formal identification of innate lymphoid cells
(ILCs), increased the understanding of their tissue distribution and has established essential …

The emerging concept of microbiota contributing to local mucosal homeostasis has fueled
investigation into its specific role in immunology. Gut microbiota is mostly responsible for …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous state of chronic intestinal
inflammation of unknown cause encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis …

The innate immune system is composed of a diverse array of evolutionarily ancient
haematopoietic cell types, including dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and …

Various immune mechanisms are deployed in the mucosa to confront the immense diversity
of resident bacteria. A substantial fraction of the commensal microbiota is coated with …

Gut microbiota has a fundamental role in the energy homeostasis of the host and is essential
for proper “education” of the immune system. Intestinal microbial communities are able to …