The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular organelle important for regulating calcium
homeostasis, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and posttranslational modification and …

Metabolic disorders have become among the most serious threats to human health, leading
to severe chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver …

The IL-17 family of cytokines has emerged over the last two decades as a pleiotropic group
of molecules that function in a wide variety of both beneficial and detrimental (pathological) …

Abstract The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family comprises six members (IL-17A–17F), and
recently, all of its related receptors have been discovered. IL-17 was first discovered …

Autophagy is essential in regulating the turnover of macromolecules via removing damaged
organelles, misfolded proteins in various tissues, including liver, skeletal muscles, and …

Nearly 100 years have passed since Frederick Banting and Charles Best first discovered
and purified insulin. Their discovery and subsequent improvements revolutionized the …

Obesity and diabetes are often associated with lipotoxic conditions in multiple tissues. The
insulin-producing β cells are susceptible to elevated lipid levels and the ensuing lipotoxicity …

Pancreatic β-cell failure and death contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of type 2
diabetes. One of the main factors responsible for β-cell dysfunction and subsequent cell …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the digestive
tract, characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and so on, which can make …

The interleukins (ILs) are a pluripotent cytokine family that have been reported to regulate
ischemic stroke and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. IL‐22 is a member of the IL …