Gram-negative bacteria characteristically are surrounded by an additional membrane layer,
the outer membrane. Although outer membrane components often play important roles in …

Colicins are proteins produced by and toxic for some strains of Escherichia coli. They are
produced by strains of E. coli carrying a colicinogenic plasmid that bears the genetic …

The outer membrane protects Gram‐negative bacteria against a harsh environment. At the
same time, the embedded proteins fulfil a number of tasks that are crucial to the bacterial …

Site-direct spin labeling combined with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
spectroscopy is a powerful tool for detecting structural changes in proteins. This review …

Site-directed spin labeling of proteins is experiencing a phase of rapid technical evolution,
application and evaluation. New strategies have been introduced for determining membrane …

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria constitutes a permeability barrier that
protects the cell from exterior hazards, but also complicates the uptake of nutrients. In the …

The insolubility of Fe 3+ necessitates special mechanisms for iron acquisition in most
organisms. Bacteria use siderophores to chelate Fe 3+ and iron in heme, hemoglobin …

Siderophore-mediated acquisition systems facilitate iron uptake. We present the
crystallographic structure of the integral outer membrane receptor FecA from Escherichia …

Cells growing in aerobic environments have developed intricate strategies to overcome the
scarcity of iron, an essential nutrient. In Gram‐negative bacteria, high‐affinity iron acquisition …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes,
comprises three regions: lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O-antigen polysaccharide. Using …