Nowadays, diabetes and obesity are two main health-threatening metabolic disorders in the
world, which increase the risk for many chronic diseases. Apelin, a peptide hormone, exerts …

Disruption of the lung endothelial–epithelial cell barrier following respiratory virus infection
causes cell and fluid accumulation in the air spaces and compromises vital gas exchange …

Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute-onset
hypoxemic respiratory failure characterised by an acute, diffuse, inflammatory lung injury …

Purpose Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening condition with limited therapeutic
options. Macrophage inflammation plays a key role in the development of ALI. Abnormal …

Apelin/APJ is widely distributed in various tissues in the body and participates in the
regulation of physiological and pathological mechanisms such as autophagy, apoptosis …

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality.
Previous studies showed that 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), an atmospheric pollutant, induces …

Respiratory pathogens such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2 can cause severe lung
infections leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The pathophysiology of …

Kirenol is a bioactive substance isolated from Herba Siegesbeckiae. Although the anti‐
inflammatory activity of kirenol has been well documented, its role in autophagy remains …

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (II/R) is a clinical event associated with high morbidity and
mortality. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central cellular energy sensor, is …

Abstract Adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP)‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly
conserved eukaryotic enzyme discovered as a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis …