The critical role of microglia in driving the pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been
recognized for the past decade or so but the changes that occur which underpin this role …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous
system, representing the leading cause of non-traumatic neurologic disease in young adults …

Biological sex contributes to phenotypic sex effects through genetic (sex chromosomal) and
hormonal (gonadal) mechanisms. There are profound sex differences in the prevalence and …

There are sex differences in microglia, which can maintain sex‐related gene expression and
functional differences in the absence of circulating sex steroids. The angiotensin type 2 …

Estradiol and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) help coordinate reproduction with
body physiology, growth and metabolism. PVN integrates hormonal and neural signals …

This review provides an overview of researches on the NR1 and NR4 nuclear receptors
involved in the regulation of microglial functions. Nuclear receptors are attractive candidates …

Cigarette smoking has a major impact on global health and morbidity, and positron emission
tomographic research has provided evidence for reduced inflammation in the human brain …

Microglia, resident immune cells in the brain, are shown to mediate the crosstalk between
psychological stress and depression. Interestingly, increasing evidence indicates that sex …

Maintaining energy balance is essential for survival and health. This physiological function
is controlled by the brain, which adapts food intake to energy needs. Indeed, the brain …

The changes in the necrotic core and the penumbra following induction of focal ischemia
have been the focus of attention for some time. However, evidence shows, that ischemic …