The hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis is a complex system of neuroendocrine pathways
and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis. Abnormal …

This paper reviews the research evidence concerning the intergenerational transmission of
trauma effects and the possible role of epigenetic mechanisms in this transmission. Two …

After the discovery of zinc deficiency in the 1960s, it soon became clear that zinc is essential
for the function of the immune system. Zinc ions are involved in regulating intracellular …

Exposure to stress during critical periods in development can have severe long-term
consequences, increasing overall risk on psychopathology. One of the key stress response …

Resilience is the ability to adapt successfully in the face of stress and adversity. Stressful life
events, trauma, and chronic adversity can have a substantial impact on brain function and …

Biological embedding occurs when life experience alters biological processes to affect later
life health and well-being. Although extensive correlative data exist supporting the notion …

Stressful experiences during early-life can modulate the genetic programming of specific
brain circuits underlying emotional and cognitive aspects of behavioral adaptation to …

Early life stress, such as childhood abuse, neglect and loss, is a well established major risk
factor for developing depressive disorders later in life. We here summarize and discuss …

A deeper understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to stress-related psychiatric
disorders is important for the development of more efficient preventive and therapeutic …

Psychiatric disorders are complex multifactorial illnesses involving chronic alterations in
neural circuit structure and function as well as likely abnormalities in glial cells. While …