Biotic stress is caused by harmful microbes that prevent plants from growing normally and
also having numerous negative effects on agriculture crops globally. Many biotic factors …

Plants interact with a diversity of microorganisms that influence their growth and resilience,
and they can therefore be considered as ecological entities, namely “plant holobionts,” …

Orchids constitute one of the most spectacular radiations of flowering plants. However, their
origin, spread across the globe, and hotspots of speciation remain uncertain due to the lack …

Plant–fungal interactions in the soil crucially impact crop productivity and can range from
highly beneficial to detrimental. Accumulating evidence suggests that some root-colonizing …

Endophytes is a kind of microorganism resource with great potential medicinal value. The
interactions between endophytes and host not only promote the growth and development of …

Quantifying the abundances of fungi is key to understanding natural variation in mycorrhizal
communities in relation to plant ecophysiology and environmental heterogeneity. High …

Dark septate endophytes (DSE) are a group of facultative biotrophic root-colonizing fungi
that live within a plant for a part of their life cycle without causing any apparent, overt …

Orchidaceae is one of the largest, most diverse families in angiosperms with significant
ecological and economical values. Orchids have long fascinated scientists by their complex …

Mycorrhizae are ubiquitous symbioses established between fungi and plant roots. Orchids,
in particular, require compatible mycorrhizal fungi for seed germination and protocorm …

Orchids parasitically depend on external nutrients from mycorrhizal fungi for seed
germination. Previous findings suggest that orchids utilize a genetic system of mutualistic …