Purpose: Low level laser therapy (LLLT) in the visible to near infrared spectral band (390–
1100 nm) is absorption of laser light at the electronic level, without generation of heat. It may …

The glymphatic system is a glial-dependent waste clearance pathway in the central nervous
system, devoted to drain away waste metabolic products and soluble proteins such as …

Mitochondria play a vital role in the nervous system, as they are responsible for generating
energy in the form of ATP and regulating cellular processes such as calcium (Ca 2+) …

Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) is a safe and noninvasive intervention that has
shown promise for improving cognitive performance. Whether tPBM can modulate brain …

Despite a significant focus on the photochemical and photoelectrical mechanisms
underlying photobiomodulation (PBM), its complex functions are yet to be fully elucidated …

In cellular bioenergetics, cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) is the enzyme responsible for oxygen
consumption in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which drives oxidative …

Over the last seventy years or so, many previous studies have shown that
photobiomodulation, the use of red to near infrared light on body tissues, can improve …

Background Neuroinflammation is a response that involves different cell lineages of the
central nervous system, such as neurons and glial cells. Among the non-pharmacological …

Longevity is one of the great triumphs of humanity. Worldwide, the elderly is the fastest
growing segment of the population. As a consequence, the number of cases of age-related …

An abnormal and hypertrophied upper labial frenulum (ULF) can cause diastemas, gingival
recession, eruption abnormalities, and the onset of carious and periodontal problems in the …