Objective To investigate the efficacy of single and combined blockade of tumor necrosis
factor (TNF), interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), and RANKL pathways on synovial inflammation, bone …

Synovial macrophages are one of the resident cell types in synovial tissue and while they
remain relatively quiescent in the healthy joint, they become activated in the inflamed joint …

The involvement of granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) in collagen-induced arthritis
(CIA) was examined using GM-CSF-deficient mice. Although CIA is generally considered to …

High avidity and long-lasting autoantibodies to a self-polypeptide (TNF-α) were generated
after parenteral vaccination of mice with low doses of virus-like particle–based (VLP-based) …

Unmethylated CpG motifs are often found in bacterial DNA, and exert immunostimulatory
effects on hematopoetic cells 1, 2, 3. Bacteria produce severe joint inflammation in septic …

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating the anti-inflammatory activities of
recombinant human (rh) IL-11, the ability of rhIL-11 to reduce serum levels of inflammatory …

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is an animal model of autoimmunity that has been studied
extensively because of its similarities to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CIA is induced in …

Cytokine research has spawned the introduction of new therapies that have revolutionized
the treatment of many important diseases. These therapeutic advances have resulted from …

TNFα converting enzyme (TACE) processes precursor TNFα between Ala76 and Val77,
yielding a correctly processed bioactive 17 kDa protein. Genetic evidence indicates that …

A recombinant human TNF receptor Fc fusion protein (rhuTNFR: Fc) was assessed for
antiarthritic activity using murine type II collagen-induced arthritis in mice. DBA/1 mice were …