ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Psychostimulants are FDA-approved for treating attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They are often prescribed off-label for mood disorders …

While mania is the illness hallmark, the depressive phase of bipolar disorder is the main
driver of treatment resistance, functional disability, and suicidality. The 5 FDA approved anti …

BackgroundDepression is considered to be the most difficult to treat phase of bipolar
disorder as patients experience residual symptoms causing long-term disability. This work …

Bipolar and related disorders (BD) are characterized by frequent deregulation and changes
in mood and energy states. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying these changes …

Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant approved for the treatment of narcolepsy and
sleep disorders. Due to its wide range of biochemical actions, modafinil has been explored …

Abstract Purpose of Review This paper aims to review current available treatment options
and to consider future directions in the treatment of bipolar depression. Recent Findings …

I would like to refer to the article by Nunez et al1 concerning their meta-analysis of
randomized trials of the efficacy and safety of modafinil/armodafinil in bipolar depression to …

The article discusses the importance of focusing on the cognitive symptoms in the treatment
of bipolar disorder. Also cited are the book" Manic-Depressive Illness" by Kay Jamison and …

The article explores novel treatments for bipolar depression (BD). Topics discussed include
the difficulty in treating BD, the effectiveness of nonpharmologic interventions for BD, the use …

This chapter reviews the effectiveness of the psychostimulants amphetamine,
methylphenidate, and modafinil in the treatment of mental disorders. It will provide an …